Hepatitis C

HCV is a virus that affects the liver. Some infections clear spontaneously, but many become chronic.

Primarily through blood. Sexual transmission is possible, especially with blood contact, mucosal injury and certain sexual practices.

It is not transmitted through food, water, hugs or ordinary kissing.

Infection often goes unnoticed. Blood exposure calls for medical assessment and a testing plan; there is no established drug PEP for HCV.

When symptoms occur, they can start from about two weeks to six months after exposure.

HCV RNA can be detected after approximately 1–2 weeks, while antibodies usually appear after 8–11 weeks. These are guides; recent exposure may require RNA testing despite negative antibodies.

Fatigue, nausea, dark urine and jaundice. Chronic infection often causes no specific symptoms.

Yes, even when liver damage is present. Symptoms are not a reliable way to check.

Mainly the liver, with possible effects elsewhere. Diagnosis uses blood testing.

Anti-HCV antibodies first, followed by HCV RNA for current infection if reactive. Recent exposure may call for a different approach.

Blood for antibodies and/or RNA. Liver health and other medical factors are also assessed before treatment.

Positive antibodies indicate exposure to the virus, but not necessarily current infection. Detectable RNA establishes current infection.

Direct-acting antiviral medicines cure most people. The duration and choice depend on the individual clinical context.

Yes. Successful treatment does not create protective immunity; antibodies can remain positive, so RNA is used to look for a new infection.

Discuss with a clinician which partners and contacts should be tested. Avoid sharing items that may have blood on them.

Do not share needles or equipment. Condoms, lubricant and barriers reduce injury and blood contact during sex. There is no HCV vaccine.

Seek medical care after blood exposure or for jaundice. Confusion or bleeding require emergency care.

Clarify whether you have only an antibody result or an RNA result too. Current infection should lead to treatment referral, rather than waiting for symptoms.